Difference between revisions of "Analytical methods - Gentamycin"

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<div class="WordSection1">
  
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US EPA residu analytical methods (RAM): Analytical method for the determination of gentamicin in pears (1993)
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''<u>Legislation :</u>''
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There is increasing awareness of food safety by the consumer with respect to antimicrobial resistance due to the discovery of new resistant strains of bacteria and others that are becoming increasingly resistant over time. As a result there is increasing pressure on laboratories responsible for food safety to monitor the use of these drugs and ensure the safety of food for human consumption. Legislation regarding the control of  antibiotic residues in live animals and animal products is given in Coun-cil Directive 96/23/EC. In the context of this directive, details for  methods and their performance criteria are described in Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Residues are divided into two groups A and B for  the purposes of monitoring and defining the legislation relating to them.
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Group A  refers to  substances  having an anabolic effect and unauthorised  substances while group B refers to  veterinary drugs and contaminants.  The aminoglycosides and macrolides are both listed under group B1 (antibacterial substances). The various sub-divisions of  these two groups are listed in  Council directive  96/23/EC. The EU Council regulation 2377/90 lays down the Community procedure  for the establishment of maximum residue limits (MRLs) of veterinary medicinal products in foodstuffs of animal origin.
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 +
 +
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Some aminoglycosides with established MRLs are shown in  Table 1 and some aminoglycosides with provisional MRLs are shown in Table 2. EU Council regulation 2377/90 also dictates the analytical methods that can be used for confirmatory analysis and these are listed in Table 3.
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Table 1
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<table>
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<tbody>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td>
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'''Pharmacologically<br />
 +
(actvie substances)'''
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
'''Marker residue'''
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
'''Animal species'''
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
'''MRLs<br />
 +
(µg kg−1 )'''
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
'''Target tissues'''
 +
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td>
 +
Gentamicin
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
Gentamicin
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
Bovine Porcine
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
50
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
Muscle
 +
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td>
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
50
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
Fat
 +
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td>
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
200
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
Liver
 +
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td>
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
750
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
Kidney
 +
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
 +
</div>
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{|
 +
|width="20%"| '''Pharmacologically<br />
 +
(actvie substances)'''
 +
|width="20%"| '''Marker residue'''
 +
|width="20%"| '''Animal species'''
 +
|width="20%"| '''MRLs<br />
 +
(µg kg−1 )'''
 +
|width="20%"| '''Target tissues'''
 +
|-
 +
| Gentamicin
 +
| Gentamicin
 +
| Bovine Porcine
 +
| 50
 +
| Muscle
 +
|-
 +
| 
 +
| 
 +
| 
 +
| 50
 +
| Fat
 +
|-
 +
| 
 +
| 
 +
| 
 +
| 200
 +
| Liver
 +
|-
 +
| 
 +
| 
 +
| 
 +
| 750
 +
| Kidney
 +
|-
 +
| 
 +
| 
 +
| Bovine
 +
| 100
 +
| Milk
 +
|}
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 +
2
 +
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<table>
 +
<tbody>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td colspan="2">
 +
Table 2 – Suitable confirmatory methods for  organic residues or contaminants [11]
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 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
 +
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td>
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'''Measuring technique'''
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
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'''Compound group<br />
 +
from 96/23/EC'''
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
'''Limitations'''
 +
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td>
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LC or GC with mass-spectrometric detection
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
Groups A and B
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
Only  if following either an on-line or an off-line chromatographic separation. Only if full  scan techniques are used or using at least 3 (group B) or 4 (group A) identification points for techniques that do not record the full  mass spectra
 +
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td>
 +
LC or GC with IR spectrometric detection
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
Groups A and B
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
Specific requirements for absorption in IR spectrometry have to be met
 +
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td>
 +
LC-full-scan DAD
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
Group B
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
Specific requirements for absorption in UV spectrometry have to be met
 +
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td>
 +
LC-fluorescence
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
Group B
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
Only  for molecules that exhibit native fluorescence and to molecules that exhibit fluorescence after either transformation or derivatisation
 +
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td>
 +
2-D TLC-full-scan UV/VIS
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
Group B
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
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Two-dimensional HPTLC and co-chromatography are mandatory
 +
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td>
 +
GC-Electron capture detection
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
Group B
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
Only  if two columns of different polarity are used
 +
 +
</p>
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td>
 +
LC-immunogram
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
Group B
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
Only  if at least two different chromatographic systems or a second, independent detection method are used
 +
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
 +
<td>
 +
LC–UV/VIS (single wavelength)
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
Group B
 +
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
Only  if at least two different chromatographic systems or second, independent detection method are used
 +
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
<tr>
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<td colspan="3">
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''Key'': LC: liquid chromatography; GC: gas chromatography; IR: infrared spectrometry; DAD: diode array detection; TLC: thin layer chromatography; UV/VIS: ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry; HPTLC: high-performance thin layer chromatography.
 +
 +
</td>
 +
</tr>
 +
</tbody>
 +
</table>
 +
values (from
 +
 +
</div>
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
To  ensure that aminoglycosides are used only in  approved  situations  and  to control their  use  in meat-producing animals, targeted samples are taken at the slaughterhouse and screened for  the presence of residues. A positive screening result means that the sample must be subjected to  confirmatory analysis. This assay must adhere to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC whereby suitable confirmatory methods are based on a required number of identification points.  For  the identity of  group B compounds such as the aminoglycosides, a minimum of  three identification points are required. As  a consequence, methods that are based on chromatographic analysis followed by mass spectrometric detection are becoming the normal way of confirming identity and determining concentration.
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''''Other methods available'''''
 +
 +
 +
 +
'''''Alternative methods from literature'''''
 +
 +
'''esticides: Analyical '''

Revision as of 14:00, 23 May 2017

US EPA residu analytical methods (RAM): Analytical method for the determination of gentamicin in pears (1993)







Legislation :


There is increasing awareness of food safety by the consumer with respect to antimicrobial resistance due to the discovery of new resistant strains of bacteria and others that are becoming increasingly resistant over time. As a result there is increasing pressure on laboratories responsible for food safety to monitor the use of these drugs and ensure the safety of food for human consumption. Legislation regarding the control of antibiotic residues in live animals and animal products is given in Coun-cil Directive 96/23/EC. In the context of this directive, details for methods and their performance criteria are described in Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Residues are divided into two groups A and B for the purposes of monitoring and defining the legislation relating to them.


Group A refers to substances having an anabolic effect and unauthorised substances while group B refers to veterinary drugs and contaminants. The aminoglycosides and macrolides are both listed under group B1 (antibacterial substances). The various sub-divisions of these two groups are listed in Council directive 96/23/EC. The EU Council regulation 2377/90 lays down the Community procedure for the establishment of maximum residue limits (MRLs) of veterinary medicinal products in foodstuffs of animal origin.


Some aminoglycosides with established MRLs are shown in Table 1 and some aminoglycosides with provisional MRLs are shown in Table 2. EU Council regulation 2377/90 also dictates the analytical methods that can be used for confirmatory analysis and these are listed in Table 3.


Table 1

<tbody>

Pharmacologically
 

(actvie substances)

Marker residue

Animal species

MRLs
 (µg kg−1 )

Target tissues

Gentamicin

Gentamicin

Bovine Porcine

50

Muscle

50

Fat

200

Liver

750

Kidney

Pharmacologically
 
(actvie substances)
Marker residue Animal species MRLs

(µg kg−1 )

Target tissues
Gentamicin Gentamicin Bovine Porcine 50 Muscle
50 Fat
200 Liver
750 Kidney
Bovine 100 Milk 
2
<tbody> </tbody>

Table 2 – Suitable confirmatory methods for organic residues or contaminants [11]


Measuring technique

Compound group
 from 96/23/EC

Limitations

LC or GC with mass-spectrometric detection

Groups A and B

Only if following either an on-line or an off-line chromatographic separation. Only if full scan techniques are used or using at least 3 (group B) or 4 (group A) identification points for techniques that do not record the full mass spectra

LC or GC with IR spectrometric detection

Groups A and B

Specific requirements for absorption in IR spectrometry have to be met

LC-full-scan DAD

Group B

Specific requirements for absorption in UV spectrometry have to be met

LC-fluorescence

Group B

Only for molecules that exhibit native fluorescence and to molecules that exhibit fluorescence after either transformation or derivatisation

2-D TLC-full-scan UV/VIS

Group B

Two-dimensional HPTLC and co-chromatography are mandatory

GC-Electron capture detection

Group B

Only if two columns of different polarity are used

LC-immunogram

Group B

Only if at least two different chromatographic systems or a second, independent detection method are used

LC–UV/VIS (single wavelength)

Group B

Only if at least two different chromatographic systems or second, independent detection method are used

Key: LC: liquid chromatography; GC: gas chromatography; IR: infrared spectrometry; DAD: diode array detection; TLC: thin layer chromatography; UV/VIS: ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry; HPTLC: high-performance thin layer chromatography.

values (from




To ensure that aminoglycosides are used only in approved situations and to control their use in meat-producing animals, targeted samples are taken at the slaughterhouse and screened for the presence of residues. A positive screening result means that the sample must be subjected to confirmatory analysis. This assay must adhere to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC whereby suitable confirmatory methods are based on a required number of identification points. For the identity of group B compounds such as the aminoglycosides, a minimum of three identification points are required. As a consequence, methods that are based on chromatographic analysis followed by mass spectrometric detection are becoming the normal way of confirming identity and determining concentration.



Other methods available


Alternative methods from literature

esticides: Analyical

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